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Title Case Style:

Title Case Rules Explained

Title case rules vary by style guide. The three major styles differ mainly in how they treat prepositions and conjunctions:

Chicago Style (default)

Capitalize all words except articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet), and prepositions of four letters or fewer (in, on, at, to, up, as, by, of, off, via). Always capitalize the first and last word regardless of type.

Example: The Cat in the Hat Comes Back

AP Style

AP (Associated Press) capitalizes all words of four letters or more. Short prepositions, articles, and conjunctions under 4 letters are lowercase. Similar to Chicago but the threshold for prepositions is strictly length-based.

Example: War and Peace in the Modern Era

APA Style

APA (American Psychological Association) capitalizes all major words including longer prepositions (e.g., Between, Among, Through) and is commonly used in academic writing for journal article titles.

When to Use Which Case Format

  • UPPER CASE — headings, emphasis, acronyms, legal headers
  • lower case — poetry formatting, informal style, email subjects in some styles
  • Title Case — book titles, movie titles, article headings, UI navigation labels
  • Sentence case — most general-purpose writing, email subjects, blog post bodies
  • camelCase — JavaScript variables, JSON keys, iOS Swift method names
  • PascalCase — class names, React component names, TypeScript types
  • snake_case — Python variables, database column names, file names on Linux
  • kebab-case — CSS class names, URL slugs, HTML data attributes, CLI flags
  • CONSTANT_CASE — environment variables, configuration constants, Enum values
  • dot.case — config file keys (logging.level), Java package names

Frequently Asked Questions

What words are NOT capitalized in Title Case?
In Chicago-style title case, short articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet), and short prepositions (in, on, at, to, up, as, by, of, off, via) are lowercase unless they are the first or last word of the title.
What is the difference between camelCase and PascalCase?
camelCase starts with a lowercase letter and capitalizes each subsequent word: "hello world" → "helloWorld". PascalCase capitalizes every word including the first: "hello world" → "HelloWorld". camelCase is common in JavaScript variables; PascalCase is used for class names and React components.
When should I use snake_case vs kebab-case?
snake_case (underscores) is standard for Python variables, database columns, and file names. kebab-case (hyphens) is used in CSS class names, URL slugs, HTML data attributes, and command-line flags.
Is my text stored or sent anywhere?
No. All conversion happens entirely in your browser. Your text never leaves your device and the tool works completely offline once loaded.
What is CONSTANT_CASE?
CONSTANT_CASE (also called SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE) is UPPER CASE with underscores between words: "max retry count" → "MAX_RETRY_COUNT". It is the standard naming convention for constants in JavaScript, Python, Java, and many other languages.